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Abu al-Aswad al-Duʾali (Arabic: أَبُو ٱلْأَسْوَد ٱلدُّؤَلِيّ, ʾAbū al-ʾAswad al-Duʾalīy; c.-16/603–69/689), whose full name is ʾAbū al-Aswad Ẓālim ibn ʿAmr ibn Sufyān ibn Jandal ibn Yamār ibn Hīls ibn Nufātha ibn al-ʿĀdi ibn al-Dīl ibn Bakr, surnamed al-Dīlī, or al-Duwalī, was the Arab poet companion of Ali bin Abu Talib and grammarian. When the great expansion of the Islamic Empire, with millions of newly-converted non-native speakers wishing to read and recite the Qurʾan, made the adoption of a formalised grammar system necessary, tradition honors al-Duʾali as the father of Arabic grammar. His science of grammar led in turn, to the establishment of the first great School of grammarians at Basrah, that would be rivalled only by the school at Kufah. Al-Du'alī is said to have introduced the use of diacritics (consonant and vowel markings) to writing, and to have written the earliest treatises on Arabic linguistics, and grammar (nahw). He had many students and followers.
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| Born |
603 Hejaz
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| Died |
688 (aged 84) Basrah
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